Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Ear, face and neck anomalies

id	Study   Auto Noh - BZDs, 2022Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Robert - BZDs, 1994	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S15381 R63375	Noh - BZDs, 2022	Ear, face and neck malformations	1st trimester	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified	1.04 [0.70;1.53]	27/40,846   1,835/3,053,381	1,862	40,846		ref
S15330 R63137	Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Ear, face and neck malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...)	1.64 [0.10;26.45] C excluded (control group)	0/1,159   92/351,785	92	1,159		ref
S15327 R63107	Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Ear, face and neck malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...)	1.10 [0.06;19.34] C	0/1,159   7/19,193	7	1,159		ref
S17769 R75093	Robert - BZDs, 1994	Congenital anomalies of ear, face and neck	1st trimester	case control	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified	1.15 [0.38;2.76]	6/-   142/-	148	-		ref
					Total	3 studies	1.05 [0.74;1.51]		2,017	42,005
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15330