Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Diaphragmatic hernia

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15381
R63404		 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Diaphragmatic hernia 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.36 [0.71;2.60] 10/40,846   504/3,053,381 514 40,846
ref
S15464
R63604		 Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Diaphragmatic hernia 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among antiseizure medications) 2.53 [0.16;40.54] C 0/980   378/1,875,733 378 980
ref
S15593
R64236		 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Diaphragmatic hernia 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.70 [0.20;1.80] 4/85   863/12,315 867 85
ref
S15363
R63207		 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 Diaphragmatic hernia 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.80 [0.04;14.39] C 0/16   10/262 10 16
ref
Total 4 studies 1.17 [0.68;2.00] 1,769 41,927
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh - BZDs, 2022Noh - BZDs, 2022 1.36[0.71; 2.60]51440,84669%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019Blotière - Clonazepam, 2019 1 2.53[0.16; 40.54]3789804%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Tinker - BZDs, 2019Tinker - BZDs, 2019 0.70[0.20; 1.80]8678524%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Safra - Diazepam, 1975Safra - Diazepam, 1975 0.80[0.04; 14.39]10163%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 0% 1.17[0.68; 2.00]1,76941,9270.210.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.40[0.75; 2.64]89241,8260%NANoh - BZDs, 2022 Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.71[0.26; 1.99]8771010%NATinker - BZDs, 2019 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.83[0.32; 2.17]1,2551,0810%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 3 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.36[0.71; 2.60]51440,846 -NANoh - BZDs, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.83[0.32; 2.17]1,2551,0810%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 3   - Yes  - Yes 1.36[0.71; 2.60]51440,846 -NANoh - BZDs, 2022 1 BZD Coexposure   - No (among antiseizure medications)  - No (among antiseizure medications) 2.53[0.16; 40.54]378980 -NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.33[0.70; 2.50]52440,8620%NANoh - BZDs, 2022 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 2   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.70[0.23; 2.10]86785 -NATinker - BZDs, 2019 1 All studiesAll studies 1.17[0.68; 2.00]1,76941,9270%NANoh - BZDs, 2022 Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 40.210.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-3.53.61.7680.000Noh - BZDs, 2022Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019Tinker - BZDs, 2019Safra - Diazepam, 1975

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.83[0.32; 2.17]1,2551,0810%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 3 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.36[0.71; 2.60]51440,846 -NANoh - BZDs, 2022 10.510.01.0