Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Limb reduction defects (LRD)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15501
R63701		 Bonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Limb Reduction Defects 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 2.64 [1.13;6.16] 6/-   542/- 548 -
ref
S15535
R63822		 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 Limb deficiencies 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 3.90 [1.40;10.60] -/-   554/- - -
ref
S15363
R63369		 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 Limb reductions 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.32 [0.36;4.85] C 3/16   39/262 42 16
ref
Total 3 studies 2.61 [1.46;4.68] 590 16
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Bonnot - Clorazepate, 2003Bonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 2.64[1.13; 6.16]548-47%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: criticalROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: critical Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 3.90[1.40; 10.60]--33%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Safra - Diazepam, 1975Safra - Diazepam, 1975 1.32[0.36; 4.85]421620%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 2.61[1.46; 4.68]590160.510.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0 case control studiescase control studies 2.61[1.46; 4.68]590160%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 3 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.61[1.46; 4.68]590160%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.32[0.36; 4.85]4216 -NASafra - Diazepam, 1975 1   - Yes  - Yes 3.10[1.62; 5.94]548-0%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 2.15[1.06; 4.37]590160%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 2   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 3.90[1.42; 10.73]-- -NACzeizel - Diazepam, 2003 1 MatchedMatched 3.90[1.42; 10.73]-- -NACzeizel - Diazepam, 2003 1 All studiesAll studies 2.61[1.46; 4.68]590160%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 30.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.61[1.46; 4.68]1,135160%NABonnot - Clorazepate, 2003 Czeizel - Diazepam, 2003 Safra - Diazepam, 1975 30.510.01.0