Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Ventricular septal defect

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15464
R63586		 Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Ventricular septal defect 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among antiseizure medications) 1.70 [0.40;4.20] 4/980   4,643/1,875,733 4,647 980
ref
S15593
R64183		 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Perimembranous ventricular septal defect 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.90 [0.50;1.70] 11/92   1,637/13,089 1,648 92
ref
S15335
R63156		 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 Ventricular septal defects (VSD) 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.52 [0.49;4.76] C 3/968   219/107,320 222 968
ref
S17769
R75101		 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Ventricular septal defect 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.90 [0.17;2.79] 3/-   -/- - -
ref
S15484
R63659		 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 Ventricular septal defect 1st trimester nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.26 [0.27;6.01] C 2/10   148/896 150 10
ref
Total 5 studies 1.10 [0.70;1.71] 6,667 2,050
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019Blotière - Clonazepam, 2019 1 1.70[0.40; 4.20]4,64798014%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Tinker - BZDs, 2019Tinker - BZDs, 2019 0.90[0.50; 1.70]1,6489253%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Oberlander - BZDs, 2008Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 1.52[0.49; 4.76]22296815%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Robert - BZDs, 1994Robert - BZDs, 1994 0.90[0.17; 2.79]--10%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 1.26[0.27; 6.01]150108%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: critical Total (5 studies) I2 = 0% 1.10[0.70; 1.71]6,6672,0500.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.60[0.71; 3.64]4,8691,9480%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.94[0.55; 1.59]1,7981020%NATinker - BZDs, 2019 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 3 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.10[0.70; 1.71]6,6672,0500%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 5 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.36[0.72; 2.59]5,0191,9580%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 4   - Yes  - Yes 0.90[0.49; 1.66]1,64892 -NATinker - BZDs, 2019 1 BZD Coexposure   - No (among antiseizure medications)  - No (among antiseizure medications) 1.70[0.52; 5.51]4,647980 -NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 1   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.52[0.49; 4.76]222968 -NAOberlander - BZDs, 2008 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.05[0.37; 2.97]150100%NARobert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 2   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.90[0.49; 1.66]1,64892 -NATinker - BZDs, 2019 1 All studiesAll studies 1.10[0.70; 1.71]6,6672,0500%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 50.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.92.00.9550.000Blotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019Tinker - BZDs, 2019Oberlander - BZDs, 2008Robert - BZDs, 1994Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991

Asymetry test p-value = 0.2709 (by Egger's regression)

slope=-0.3369 (0.3404); intercept=0.9056 (0.6728); t=1.3461; p=0.2709

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.10[0.70; 1.71]6,6672,0500%NABlotière - Clonazepam (Other indications), 2019 Tinker - BZDs, 2019 Oberlander - BZDs, 2008 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Tikkanen - Diazepam, 1991 50.510.01.0