Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15459
R63564		 Bjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ND): any diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (F84.0, F84.1, F84.5) or intellectual disability (F70, F71, F72, F73) plus F84.3, F84.4, F84.8, F84.9, F79 - Median follow up clonazepam 9.5 (5.5-13.9) years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among antiseizure medications) 1.40 [1.06;1.86] 48/1,182   68,295/4,463,879 68,343 1,182
ref
S15584
R64113		 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 Diagnosis Disorders of psychological development (F80–F89) - Mean age follow-up 4.4 years old during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: No (among antiseizure medications) 1.10 [0.70;1.70] 18/1,246   10,010/1,710,441 10,028 1,246
ref
Total 2 studies 1.31 [1.03;1.66] 78,371 2,428
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Bjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022Bjørk - Clonazepam, 2022 1 1.40[1.06; 1.86]68,3431,18271%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020Coste - Clonazepam, 2020 2 1.10[0.70; 1.70]10,0281,24629%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 0% 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Mixed indications; 2: Mixed indications;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 2 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 2 BZD Coexposure   - No (among antiseizure medications)  - No (among antiseizure medications) 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 2 All studiesAll studies 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 20.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,4280%NABjørk - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2022 Coste - Clonazepam (Mixed indications), 2020 20.510.01.0